Integrated battery containers have become the most popular format for building stationary energy storage projects. These containers typically ship with integrated battery modules and racks, which eliminates the labor associated with assembling battery modules in the field. The number of battery racks is optimized to ensure that the container dimensions and weight meet standard transportation requirements. Recent advances in battery energy density, particularly with lithium-ion chemistry, have eliminated the need to ship battery modules and their enclosures separately to the project site.
Integrated battery containers are outdoor-rated and feature thermal management systems for the battery cells that allow the batteries to operate over the specified ambient temperature range while maintaining the cells within their optimum operating temperature range. Several container products feature liquid cooling of the battery modules, which improves energy density and provides more uniform cooling. Forced air cooling is also common and can be more cost-effective in longer duration applications. The cooling system is typically powered by an auxiliary power input to the container that is fed separately. It could also be powered internally from the battery, which is beneficial in applications requiring black-start capability.
Walk-in battery containers were common in the early days of the industry but have been almost completely replaced by non-walk-in container designs. This transition has helped improve energy density and fire safety. The containers must feature, at a minimum, smoke and gas detectors, alarms and gas ventilation systems. They could also feature water-based or chemical-based fire suppression systems. Large-scale fire safety testing is conducted to ensure that any fires within a container do not propagate to adjacent containers. These features enhance the safety of first responders compared to building-based battery systems.
Battery containers have at a minimum, a controller that forms the interface with an external energy management system and the inverter’s control interface. This allows the control of battery operations and monitoring of battery parameters.
“Walk-in battery containers were common in the early days of the industry but have been almost completely replaced by non-walk-in container designs"
The integration of most system components in the battery container greatly simplifies the installation process. The installer simply needs to place and secure the containers on the foundations and connect the power and communication cables to the rest of the system. System commissioning is also faster as sub-systems are pre-tested in the factory.
Battery energy storage systems could be stand-alone or coupled with a solar PV system. For AC-coupling with PV, the combination of battery containers, inverter, MV transformer and associated controls is a modular building block that can be scaled up to meet the required plant capacity. Energy storage can also be DC-coupled with PV, in which case the battery containers are paired with DC/DC converters to form DC building blocks that are deployed along with PV inverters. Battery containers often feature built-in DC/DC converters that facilitate DC-coupling as well as future capacity augmentations to compensate for battery degradation.
Factory-integrated battery containers are modular, versatile, and economical compared to building-based or field-assembled systems and are the technology of choice for the burgeoning stationary energy storage industry.
